Critical thinking

Independent- is independent of bias (mostly)
Telegraph- Conservative (big c) newspaper
The Guardian-  Labor, Unions, Environment (left wing)
Economist- free trade (only newspaper arguing that Europe's borders should be open)
The NY times- for Americans this newspaper counts as left wing. Because Americans are in general very conservative. However for Europeans it is somewhere in the middle.
The economist was also the first paper which was concerned with the environment and global warning. It was skeptical until all the other sources proved that it was a real thing

How it all ends: global warming video (1-3)
PART 1
Pascals Wager- Risk management
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
The Royal Society- The English scientific association (you have to be invited to become a part of it)

All these scientific organisations have said that the likelihood of Global warming to be true is much much higher than it not being true. Therefore the consequences if we do not take any actions will be much higher.

Even a lot of oil companies nowadays are admitting to global warming.
Do we even know enough to be debating the validity of climate change? (eg like the Manhattan project)


Key words;
-> risk management
-> Running the experiment
->Tipping point-  the critical point in a situation, process, or system beyond which a significant and often unstoppable effect or change takes place
-> Global climate Destabilisation
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People are prone to conformation bias. Confirmation bias is our Achilles heel.
Conformation bias- when you have an idea in your head and later go search for the evidence. This is bad because your brain will always negate the things you do not want to believe.
However we must be aware of it and we must avoid it!

Scientific thinking and critical thinking are the same thing.
Don't firstly look at what you believe and try to find evidence for it. Look at the evidence and then form your belief.

Where do we get the evidence? 
From a reliable source.

How do we find a reliable source?
All newspapers speak to their audience. Newspapers are reliable if you understand the bias or the stance of that newspaper.

Whatever you have been taught has a cultural bias. If they do not teach you what cultural bias is, you walk out of the classroom always believing that what they have taught you is completely true.

Evidence needs expertise to interpret it.

PART 2

Every idea or belief has uncertainties
If it its given for criticism it can be analysed which will either:
- make it stronger and more truthful
or
- it will be disavowed


PART 3- a summary

-Science is never 100% accurate.
- Every person is sometimes wrong. It is inevitable. Fallibility is a part of our DNA.
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The more you know the more you realize how little you know.

Rhetoric- Is the language of persuasion. There are 3 types of rhetoric. Pathos.logos and ethos
Pathos- is emotion
Logos- is reason (eg listing, repetition)
Ethos-  Appealing to the deeds and words of great people, whether real or legendary. The following of great successful people.
Eg. transference back and forth of someone who has been successful.

Sarcasm is the tool of the weak and the dammed.