Storytelling

Plot- Is everything into the story but not the order in which it is told(including the backstory)
Narrative- How the story is told

Plot 101- every story has this or it is not a story

1. Ordinary world
-is the character/ characters
- there is the environment which they live in

In terms of plot you always start with the ordinary world.

2. Disruption (catalyst)
For example in the great gatsby, jordan is the catalyst (she is the one which leads to nick going to gatsby's party)

3. Conflicts (the disruption causes conflict)
the 5 types of conflicts include:
1.ManvsMan
2.ManvsSociety
3.ManvsEnvironment
4.ManvsSelf
5.ManvsTechnology

There are numbers of conflicts until they reach the climax.
The climax is when Daisy is screaming at everyone when they are in NY.
The anticlimax is when she hits myrtle.
Denouement- unravelling

Then you have 2 conclusions.

1. Return to ordinary world
2. Establishment of a new world order

Its either one of these two


Heroes Journey- a narrative journey

Its stages are:

1.        THE ORDINARY WORLD.  The hero, uneasy, uncomfortable or unaware, is introduced sympathetically so the audience can identify with the situation or dilemma.  The hero is shown against a background of environment, heredity, and personal history.  Some kind of polarity in the hero’s life is pulling in different directions and causing stress.

2.        THE CALL TO ADVENTURE.  Something shakes up the situation, either from external pressures or from something rising up from deep within, so the hero must face the beginnings of change.  

3.        REFUSAL OF THE CALL.  The hero feels the fear of the unknown and tries to turn away from the adventure, however briefly.  Alternately, another character may express the uncertainty and danger ahead.

4.        MEETING WITH THE MENTOR.  The hero comes across a seasoned traveler of the worlds who gives him or her training, equipment, or advice that will help on the journey.  Or the hero reaches within to a source of courage and wisdom.

5.        CROSSING THE THRESHOLD.  At the end of Act One, the hero commits to leaving the Ordinary World and entering a new region or condition with unfamiliar rules and values.  

6.        TESTS, ALLIES AND ENEMIES.  The hero is tested and sorts out allegiances in the Special World.

7.        APPROACH.  The hero and newfound allies prepare for the major challenge in the Special world.

8.        THE ORDEAL.  Near the middle of the story, the hero enters a central space in the Special World and confronts death or faces his or her greatest fear.  Out of the moment of death comes a new life. 

9.        THE REWARD.  The hero takes possession of the treasure won by facing death.  There may be celebration, but there is also danger of losing the treasure again.

10.      THE ROAD BACK.  About three-fourths of the way through the story, the hero is driven to complete the adventure, leaving the Special World to be sure the treasure is brought home.  Often a chase scene signals the urgency and danger of the mission.

11.     THE RESURRECTION.  At the climax, the hero is severely tested once more on the threshold of home.  He or she is purified by a last sacrifice, another moment of death and rebirth, but on a higher and more complete level.  By the hero’s action, the polarities that were in conflict at the beginning are finally resolved.

12.       RETURN WITH THE ELIXIR.  The hero returns home or continues the journey, bearing some element of the treasure that has the power to transform the world as the hero has been transformed.

Film (the key plot points)
Act 1 1/4
(key point plot 1)
Act 2 1/2--------the pinch (this is where an event takes place with high of tensions however it does not change the story, it is not a turning point)
(key plot point 2)
Act 3 1/4
(key plot point 3)

Gatsby

The great Gatsby is set in the 1920 (the roaring 20's)

When every big nation went bankrupt, except America.

It is also the period when alcohol 9consumption and everything) was illegal. Which is how gatsby made all his money- by selling alcohol (he is a bootlegger)

His partner is also a jew (Meyer Wolfsheim) who everyone hates.

Making money from alcohol is looked most down upon by the people who have old money, however besides this Gatsby also does this with a jew, who is also looked down upon. 

Nick hates Gatsby( because he associates with a jew and because he makes money by selling alcohol)

Wolfsheim is a jew and a gangster, he is the lowest of the low. Gatsby somehow makes these two meet (nick and wolfsheim) because he does not understand how old money thinks. 

Gatsby believes that daisy would have married him if he didn't go to war.

The only person who is interested in Gatsby's parties is Jordan. 

The first time Daisy goes to one of Gatsby's parties is when Gatsby invites her. However when she doesn't like it, he stops hosting them.

The idea of the american dream also gets destroyed in this novel.  Because the only people the american dream should have been affecting is myrtle and wilson. Which it obviously is not. As well as James Gatz, which it also did not affect.

Chapter 5 is the most important chapter, it is the pinnacle of Gatsby's dreams. 

Nick is an unreliable narrator because he judges everyone, he dislikes everyone, he disdains them. However he is a reliably unreliable character because he flat out says he dislikes them and acknowledges the fact that he hates them.

Long enough in Jo'burg

TEXT


What is it?  South african political magazine
What does it do? 

How does it do what it does?   (what are the golden nuggets?)

• Rhetoric
• Imagery and other literary devices
• Diction and syntax
• tone and mood (are the golden nuggets in this piece)

Tone is voice. (when someone speaks, thats tone) (e.g. the signs are part of mood too)

Mood is description. ("diamonds fell from the sky")

Why does it do what it does?   persuade? inform? entertain?

Who is the audience?           

Narrative, description, narrative, narrative, responce. 

"diamonds seemed to fall from the sky" -metaphor emphasises the contrast.

RULE NR 1:

 Never go through it in order.

You go through the text and look for the rhetorical devices that are in service of the main idea of the text.

Paper one

William morris Speech

TEXT


What is it?  A speech, talking about the importance of the arts.  He introduces it with a rhetorical questions. He says science is used purely to make money.
What does it do? (what's the big idea?)

How does it do what it does?   (what are the golden nuggets?)

• Rhetoric
• Imagery and other literary devices
• Diction and syntax- speak to the fact that it is a speech. Because the syntax is too long for it to be an essay.  The diction is relatively sophisticated as it speaks to skilled workers. He 
• tone and mood

Why does it do what it does?   persuade? inform? entertain?

Who is the audience?   Speaking to skilled workers seeking to provide themselves with vocational education (hands, physical)
        
Drill sergeant- the army.

He has personifies science. He introduces science to juxtaposes it with the art. 

Paper one

Big brother piece, Analysis

TEXT


What is it?  (what kind of text? how precise can you be?)
Entertaining, Interview, a webpage. 
What kind of webpage? It looks at celebrities, it has a banner. Therefore it indicates that it is a magazine. The banner indicates that this is in fact a magazine. A website for a  magazine.

Because it is a magazine devoted to the private life of celebrities it will speak to the diction and syntax. 
Because it is an unsophisticated text with an unsophisticated audience talking about an unsophisticated topic  it is aimed to entertain.

It is at all not very sophisticated. 

What does it do? (what's the big idea?)
It entertains.
How does it do what it does?   (what are the golden nuggets?)
We can look at syntax and diction because it is very low. 
Are there any rhetorical devices?
-there is repetition!

Why does it do what it does? 
It entertains.
Who is the audience?        




There is no sophisticated diction, so what is driving this text?
- "i like" "I think" "meet"

Audience is totally driving this piece. If someone is saying like and I'm not a crazy fan etc.
It looks like an interview, it is a conversation. 

Oral presentation- Apple

Think Distinctive

Breakdown of the advertisement campaign- think different

"change the world" the official name
The adverts they used for the campaign include people that are well know. Each person on these posters has achieved something extraordinary. Which transfers their characteristics to apple itself.
Each person is connected with an emotion. What emotion?

With most of the pictures the person stares directly into the camera. Forming a connection with the audience and invite them to follow their footsteps.
The quote given also connects with the people that apple used in their posters.
Doesn't it refer to the users of apple rather than the people in the posters?
This is transference because the qualities of these people who are different (e.g. Einstein) are transferred onto the people who buy apples products.
The quote contains simple sentences as well, which makes it easier for a larger audience to understand.

The golden circle.
Developed by businessmen.
Why? How? What?
This is how apple has managed to lead while others just stagnate and bore.
Many companies know what they're doing, How they do it however only few know why.
When apple communicates they explain the 'Why?'
"We believe in challenging the status quo"
What apple does is reverse the order.
Start with the why?, then the How? and lastly the What.
Even in their posters they never feature one of their products at all. They only transfer ideas.
If you start with why they will believe in you and stick with you. Because they believe what you believe.  In their think different campaign what or how they're doing something, they explain why they are.

What the ib is looking for

Always simple syntax and sophisticated diction.
Organisation is key!
Make it easier for the examiner to follow along, show them the key ideas. Make them easy to see, point them out.

In the group presentation which we are doing the literary features include:
-rhetorical devices (visual and linguistic) however focus more on linguistic because the examiner would not understand the visual as much.
With linguistic, focus on propaganda tools. Always look at AIDA because aida speaks to both the linguistics and visual aspects.

When you are looking at a text in the exam, you have to ask yourself what it is doing:
-inform
-persuade
-entertain

Counter ad

Natural, healthy, nourishing. 

Whatever you believe, we provide. With the new 

Dannon "all natural", we present to you the most beneficial

 plain yoghurt one can find. Beneficial for us,because we make 

you believe it's healthy, fat free and of course nutritious. That 

way we keep you coming back for what is in fact, the cheapest

to make, sugar full, almost poisonous yoghurt, created from

our chemical and hormone induced cow milk, all to quench your

 addiction. All of which is, of course, all still legal, so we will take 

advantage of it while it lasts and regret our decisions when we get

 blamed for causing cancer, later. 

Buy our yoghurt, give into the addiction.

Exam question

*Do we have to memorise specific quotes for the exam??*

How have writers used narrative voice and/or characterization to explore a social or intellectual concern in the two works you have studied?

- both major barbara and the outsider make an argument about society.
- Shaw states that the real power lies in the hands of the people who control the money (that is the business owners for example)
- Shaw also states that organisations such as the salvation army are in fact not helping the poor at all. All they are doing is trading prayer for food and hence obtaining the gap between the rich and the poor. 

-Camus on the other hand also introduces an argument about society however he focuses on the ways in which society can be blind sometimes, in the way that we perceive others. 

Whereas Shaw uses characterisation to convey his opinion, Camus uses narrative.

Whereas Shaw 

*INTRODUCTION* ------ 
1.You have to start with a hook (something that grabs the readers attention)
2. Introduce what you are talking about
3. The thesis statement
4. State what the idea is. What is the message?  (move from the generals to the particulars)
5. What is used to transmit the message/idea

6. Link to first body Paragraph (

PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE- 

x proves this point.

He does it by so and so.

"Quote"

What does the quote show/mean. Why is this effective? How does it work towards establishing an argument about society. 

PARAGRAPH 1- Major Barbara.

Shaw states that the only way to help the poor is through commerce rather than organisations such as the salvation army. 

-> CUSINS. Then the way of life lies through the factory of death?

BARBARA. Yes,

PARAGRAPH 2- Shaw claims society and all the power lies in the hands of the people who have the money. Rather than the government.

-> Turning our backs on Bodger and Undershaft is turning our backs on life.

-> Undershaft and Bodger: their hands stretch everywhere: when we feed a starving fellow creature, it is with their bread, because there is no other bread;

PARAGRAOH 3- Camus portrays how closed minded and enclosed (follows the rules even though they're not sure why) society is through viewing it from the perspective of a mentally challenged character. 

PARAGRAPH 4- Establishes an argument of how there are pre engraved values of what society perceives as normal and not (immoral). Howe we are completely devoted to these standards even though we do not realise that these standards are in reality  only beliefs which could always be different or wrong. 

*CONCLUSION*
Major barbara establishes an argument about society through characterisation whereas The outside (Camus) does so through narrative.

How have writers used narrative voice and/or characterisation to explore a social or intellectual concern in the two works you have studied?

INTRODUCTION

Shaws main argument in his play Major Barbara is one of poverty versus wealth. Or rather the exploration of what is the right or the ‘moral’ way to solve poverty.  Clearly the writer stands by using commerce in order to employ people and help them raise their own quality of life. Therefore he establishes a question and argues his point all throughout the discussion that is his play, Major Barbara. He does so through characterisation, mainly of Barbara who has strong beliefs which are throughout the play, manipulated by her father and mostly, Cousins. ”CUSINS. Then the way of life lies through the factory of death? BARBARA. Yes” Her unwillingness and stubborn character that was very much against the idea of wealth and commerce is slowly manipulated until finally she sees how providing people with jobs (whether they are immoral or not) can be and is beneficial for all individuals. Hence when she experiences a change in opinion the play ends as Shaw has proven his point. He closes his whole argument through the evolution of a character and therefore relies heavily on characterisation to make his point. The change of opinion within Barbara is the core to the play and the primary way in how Shaw explores the theme of wealth vs poverty. 

Another primary point Shaw establishes within his play is that in fact all power does not lay in the hands of the government but the hands of the ones which behold the money. With this he relies heavily on characterisation however he establishes this point through Undershaft as well a Barbara. He establishes his point in the midst of act 2 where Undershaft and Bodger agree to buy out the Salvation army.  By doing so shows the real power which they hold and how they can, not only, influence the poor but those who do not want to listen to them as well. Which is Barbara, ultimately  Undershaft forces Barbara to join him by firstly taking her job (with his money) and later on taking her boyfriend as well (as Cousins takes over his business for the sake of money). It is one of the key points that unveils the argument. In other words Barbara represents the government in this case as she is a ‘man of the people’ and a ‘saviour of souls’ who wants best for the population however her power is overthrown by people with money. Ultimately this is how Shaw establishes yet another important argument in the play.

In the contrary, as we have studied L’Etranger (The Outsider) a work by Albert Camus which speaks to the social concerns in society by writing the novella through the perspective of a mentally challenged individual. His focus on narrative has a powerful effect as the reader delves into a completely different style f thought. 

Paper 1

Things to check first:

1. Big ideas

2. Audience

3. Structures (box and image sizes, black and white)

4. Tools

5. Form and Format (e.g. graphic text, format)

Our goal with answering questions like this, is to make the audience happy. They're old, they're tired and they don't want to be doing what they're doing. Therefore you should make it very clear and precise in order to make your audience happy.

What goes into the conclusion?

-The conclusion is a restatement of your main idea/ thesis.

-revisiting the best ideas

-ideas from the explanations of your body paragraphs

Cousins

How is Cousins the third protagonist in the play Major Barbara. How does he reconcile the rational businessman that is Undershaft with the strong spiritual beliefs that are Major Barbara? 

*INTRODUCTION* 

Much like the dedication Barbara provides the Salvation army with and the faith Undershaft has in money and gunpowder, Cousins has towards Barbara herself. Throughout the play the love which Cousins has for Barbara only becomes more evident and can be considered as worship the more the audience learns about it. “You accused me yourself, Lady Brit, of joining the Army to worship Barbara; and so I did.” Through this love, Cousins’ devotion and his ‘worship’ portray the strong spiritual beliefs which are present within Barbara herself. Cousins loves Barbara so much, he was willing to drop professorship and join the salvation army for her sake. He denies the obvious at first, however towards the end of the play, in act 3, he admits to have joined the salvation army solely because of Barbara (as seen in the quote above). He later on even compares her to what was important to him at the start of the play, Dionysos. “Dionysos and all the others are in herself. I adored what was divine in her, and was therefore a true worshipper.” Up until act 3 he tried to conceal the fact that he joined the salvation because of Barbara by stating he was a collector of religions. However he finally admits that all this which he claimed to have been searching for was already within her. Therefore calling himself a “true worshipper” and hence proving he embodies strong spiritual beliefs, even though they are towards Barbara.

Secondly another characteristic which Cousins shares with the two other protagonists of this play, Barbara and Undershaft, is determination. All three characters are stubborn and help unveil the argument of poverty which George Bernard Shaw was aiming to raise. “But the moment I saw Barbara, I wanted her far more than the approval of my conscience.” In this quote Cousins states not only that Barbara means a lot to him but that his own conscience could not be compared to the desire for Barbara. The audience can then assume that the most valuable thing in Cousins’ life is Barbara and hence he will stop at nothing to get her. This is then supported by the following quote. “But whenever I feel that I must have anything, I get it, sooner or later. I feel that way about Barbara.” This characteristic of passion and desire is, as I have mentioned earlier, visible within Barbara’s love for the Salvation army and this is therefore another common characteristic shared between Barbara and Cousins. This helps develop the theme of Wealth vs Poverty as both Barbara and Undershaft are determined to be on one side of it whereas Cousins helps shift that by joining Undershaft. Where the immediate disappointment from Barbara does not stop him, as he is determined to improve himself by joining Undershaft. Which in the long run benefits him as Barbara realises how Undershafts methods of sustaining his workers benefits them more than the methods of the Salvation army.

On the contrary, Cousins also shares some common characteristics with Undershaft. The main one of them is the ability to think and make rational decisions. Much like Undershaft, Cousins does not let his emotions affect his decisions. This is apparent when Cousins decides to take over Undershafts business besides the fact that he makes destructive equipment. “You cannot have power for good without having power for evil too.” Cousins comes to the realisation that no decision can benefit everyone out there and that one can only use reason/ fact to make his or her decision. This quote applies to Undershafts business and how he creates weaponry in order to help the common people fight against the upper class. As well as providing them with money and a job opportunity. However as the quote states Cousins also realises that these cannons do harm to others yet he still picks to join Undershafts' business as he recognises that this is a better way to sustain the poorer classes rather than giving them homes in shelters or in the Salvation army. Hence he proves of his rationality as the emotions and empathy of the people affected by his weaponry do not stop him from joining the business. “I don’t like marriage: I feel intensely afraid of it; and I don’t know what I shall do with Barbara or what she will do with me. But I feel that I and nobody else must marry her.” With his wish to marry Barbara, Cousins also proves his rational way of thinking as he is able to put aside his fear of marriage in order to be with Barbara and make sure that he is the only one.

In conclusion, I believe that Cousins is an immensely important character to this play and may be called a protagonist as with his characteristics which are a combinations of ones present in both Barbara and Undershaft he drives the play and its main arguments forward. He has both strong spiritual beliefs, is determined and has a rational way of thinking. He is therefore the character which allows for disputes between Barbara and Undershaft to take place in order to develop the moral message and  theme of wealth vs poverty in Shaw's play.

cousins description

Cusins is a spectacled student, slight, thin haired, and sweet voiced, with a more com- plex form of Lomax’s complaint. His sense of humor is intellectual and subtle, and is com- plicated by an appalling temper. The lifelong struggle of a benevolent temperament and a high conscience against impulses of inhuman ridicule and fierce impatience has set up a chronic strain which has visibly wrecked his constitution. He is a most implacable, de- termined, tenacious, intolerant person who by mere force of character presents himself as— and indeed actually is—considerate, gentle, explanatory, even mild and apologetic, capable possibly of murder, but not of cruelty or coarse- ness. By the operation of some instinct which is not merciful enough to blind him with the illusions of love, he is obstinately bent on mar- rying Barbara      p.86

Andrew (undershaft) is, on the surface, a stoutish, easy- going elderly man, with kindly patient man- ners, and an engaging simplicity of character. But he has a watchful, deliberate, waiting, lis- tening face, and formidable reserves of power, both bodily and mental, in his capacious chest and long head. His gentleness is partly that of a strong man who has learnt by experience that his natural grip hurts ordinary people un- less he handles them very carefully, and partly the mellowness of age and success. He is also a little shy in his present very delicate situation. 

UNDERSHAFT. Choose money and gun- powder; for without enough of both you cannot afford the others.
CUSINS. That is your religion? 
UNDERSHAFT. Yes.
The cadence of this reply makes a full close
in the conversation. Cusins twists his face du- biously and contemplates Undershaft. Under- shaft contemplates him.

That to live is happy, has found his heaven.
My translation: what do you think of it? UNDERSHAFT. I think, my friend, that if you wish to know, as the long days go, that to live is happy, you must first acquire money enough for a decent life, and power enough to
be your own master.
CUSINS. You are damnably discouraging.
[He resumes his declamation]. p.138

 And shall not Barbara be loved for ever?

UNDERSHAFT. Euripides mentions Bar- bara, does he?
CUSINS. It is a fair translation. The word means Loveliness.

 CUSINS. As Barbara’s father, that is more your affair than mine. I can feed her by teach- ing Greek: that is about all.

UNDERSHAFT. Do you consider it a good match for her?
CUSINS [with polite obstinacy] Mr Under- shaft: I am in many ways a weak, timid, in- effectual person; and my health is far from satisfactory. But whenever I feel that I must have anything, I get it, sooner or later. I feel that way about Barbara. I don’t like marriage: I feel intensely afraid of it; and I don’t know what I shall do with Barbara or what she will do with me. But I feel that I and nobody else must marry her. Please regard that as settled.—Not that I wish to be arbitrary; but why should I waste your time in discussing what is inevitable?

UNDERSHAFT. You mean that you will stick at nothing not even the conversion of the Salvation Army to the worship of Dionysos.  p.139

UNDERSHAFT. You mean that you will stick at nothing not even the conversion of the Salvation Army to the worship of Dionysos.
CUSINS. The business of the Salvation

Army is to save, not to wrangle about the name of the pathfinder. Dionysos or another: what does it matter?
UNDERSHAFT [rising and approaching him] Professor Cusins you are a young man after my own heart.
CUSINS. Mr Undershaft: you are, as far as I am able to gather, a most infernal old rascal; but you appeal very strongly to my sense of ironic humour.  p.140

CUSINS [urbanely: trying to bring him down to earth] This is extremely interesting, Mr Undershaft. Of course you know that you are mad.
UNDERSHAFT [with redoubled force] And you?
CUSINS. Oh, mad as a hatter. You are welcome to my secret since I have discovered yours. But I am astonished. Can a madman

make cannons?   p.142

UNDERSHAFT. Oh yes I do. It draws their teeth: that is enough for me—as a man of business—
CUSINS. Nonsense! It makes them sob- er—
UNDERSHAFT. I prefer sober workmen. The profits are larger.
CUSINS. —honest—
UNDERSHAFT. Honest workmen are the most economical.
CUSINS. —attached to their homes—
UNDERSHAFT. So much the better: they will put up with anything sooner than change their shop.
CUSINS. —happy—
UNDERSHAFT. An invaluable safeguard against revolution.
CUSINS. —unselfish—
UNDERSHAFT. Indifferent to their own interests, which suits me exactly.
CUSINS. —with their thoughts on heav- enly things—
UNDERSHAFT [rising] And not on Trade Unionism nor Socialism. Excellent.

CUSINS [revolted] You really are an infer- nal old rascal. 
p.144

UNDERSHAFT [with a reasonableness
which Cusins alone perceives to be ironical] My dear Barbara: alcohol is a very necessary article. It heals the sick—
BARBARA. It does nothing of the sort.
UNDERSHAFT. Well, it assists the doc- tor: that is perhaps a less questionable way of putting it. It makes life bearable to millions of people who could not endure their existence if they were quite sober. It enables Parliament to do things at eleven at night that no sane person would do at eleven in the morning. Is it Bodger’s fault that this inestimable gift is deplorably abused by less than one per cent of the poor? [He turns again to the table; signs the cheque; and crosses it].
MRS BAINES. Barbara: will there be less drinking or more if all those poor souls we are saving come to-morrow and find the doors of our shelters shut in their faces? Lord Saxmundham gives us the money to stop drinking—to take his own business from him.
CUSINS [impishly] Pure self-sacrifice on Bodger’s part, clearly! Bless dear Bodger! [Barbara almost breaks down as Adolpbus, too, fails her]   p.159

JENNY [running to Mrs Baines and throw- ing her arms round her] Oh dear! how blessed, how glorious it all is!
CUSINS [in a convulsion of irony] Let us seize this unspeakable moment. Let us march to the great meeting at once. Excuse me just an instant. [He rushes into the shelter. Jenny takes her tambourine from the drum head].  p.161

CUSINS. What is a broken heart more or less here? Dionysos Undershaft has de- scended. I am possessed.  p.162

UNDERSHAFT [to Cusins, as he marches out past him easing the slide of his trombone] “My ducats and my daughter”!
CUSINS [following him out] Money and gunpowder!
BARBARA. Drunkenness and Murder! My God: why hast thou forsaken me?
p.164

BARBARA. Are you joking, Dolly?
CUSINS [patiently] No. I have been mak- ing a night of it with the nominal head of this household: that is all.
LADY BRITOMART. Andrew made you drunk!
CUSINS. No: he only provided the wine. I think it was Dionysos who made me drunk. [To Barbara] I told you I was possessed. p.171

LADY BRITOMART. It was much more ex- cusable to marry him than to get drunk with him. That is a new accomplishment of An- drew’s, by the way. He usen’t to drink.
CUSINS. He doesn’t now. He only sat there and completed the wreck of my moral basis, the rout of my convictions, the purchase of my soul. He cares for you, Barbara. That is what makes him so dangerous to me. p.172 

CUSINS. He said all the charitable insti- tutions would be down on him like kites on a battle field if he gave his name.
LADY BRITOMART. That’s Andrew all over. He never does a proper thing without giving an improper reason for it.
CUSINS. He convinced me that I have all my life been doing improper things for proper reasons. p.173

CUSINS [from the platform] Dummy sol- diers?
UNDERSHAFT. No: the real thing. [Cusins and Barbara exchange glances. Then Cusins sits on the step and buries his face in his hands. Barbara gravely lays her hand on his shoulder, and he looks up at her in a sort of whimsical desperation]. Well, Stephen, what do you think of the place? p.195

CUSINS. Yes, a confession. Listen, all. Until I met Barbara I thought myself in the main an honorable, truthful man, because I wanted the approval of my conscience more than I wanted anything else. But the moment I saw Barbara, I wanted her far more than the approval of my conscience. p.201 

LADY BRITOMART. Adolphus!
CUSINS. It is true. You accused me your- self, Lady Brit, of joining the Army to worship Barbara; and so I did. She bought my soul like a flower at a street corner; but she bought it for herself.
UNDERSHAFT. What! Not for Dionysos or another?
CUSINS. Dionysos and all the others are in herself. I adored what was divine in her, and was therefore a true worshipper. But I was romantic about her too. I thought she was

202 Major Barbara
a woman of the people, and that a marriage with a professor of Greek would be far beyond the wildest social ambitions of her rank. p.202 

Editorial

Leader/Editorial

-informative
-persuasive

Should be written in the following format:

-Introduction
-Key point
-key point
-key point
-concession- the act of giving or conceding (giving in to an argument that the opposing side might make)
-final key point, smacking down concession
- conclusion

If you will write an editorial like in the new york times you have to make sure that you have: a hook, drop the lead and only then a hard introduction.
It is suggested to make a persuasive editorial (since it would be easier for us).

However every editorial still has to be speaking to the audience. Every newspaper knows what their audience is and hence every editorial ("editors opinion")still appeals to them. Occasionally they will write an editorial to challenge their audience, however most will still speak to them.

Write your editorial on a current issue(get a paper that you can pull a newspaper out of) e.g. Climate change, paris conference, syria, migrant/refugee crisis, paris + brussels attacks,(one can go back to discussing whether this is a migration or a refugee crisis) presidential election   (US), Brexit (reasons for and against), the role of an independent supreme court in a free society.

You must always have the language and the tone of the newspaper you are writing to.

Major Barbara- analysis

For prosperity you need:

1. Human resources (of appropriate age, young and many of them)

2. Infrastructure 

3. Appropriate investment in education(in america this costs a fortune, and all schools are based on housing taxes)

4. Appropriate investment in healthcare(healthcare is also expensive

5. Natural resources

Major Barbara was written during the height of UK's Industrial Revolution. The idea is that commerce is going to fix everything. However its hasn't because there is still a huge disparity between the rich and the poor. Therefore then there are organisations such as the Salvation army who are intrenched into caring for the poor people. However what they are doing in reality is trading food for prayer. 

Shaw sees commerce as the answer. However the question is, what do we do with commerce? Shaw is saying that the real power of England is in the hands of the people who control the money, not the government.  The end of the play is what we call the tri-partite. 

Undershaft is so excited for cousins to become the leader of the business because he is a Greek professor. A professor of the classes.

*UNDERSHAFT*- can undershaft exist now? In our times.

Global Warming Paper

Why is Climate change a natural rather than a man-made process?

Global warming, natural or manmade?
There has been a number of contradicting arguments whether global warming is caused by man or not. Throughout this article I will argue for why the current change in global climate could not, in any way, have been caused by human activity. I will go over the points which prove that global climate change is all natural and the reasons why assuming that we have caused it are unrealistic. In the following paragraph I will look at how climate change has changed in the past and how that proves we are not the cause of todays global warming. 

The primary reason for which we know that it is impossible for human activity to be playing a role in the current rise of temperatures is the fact that the earth has always been experiencing a change in climate, it is just the way the our planet adapts. Rising temperatures have been present long before human existence and have allowed for the development of complex organisms to exist on our planet now. Not only have there been rising temperatures but falling ones too, there were numerous ice ages in the past which simply serve to show that what we are experiencing now is all natural. As there were higher temperatures long after the ice ages, we can only assume that the earth is simply warming up. It is common sense to anyone and everyone that this is the cause of what we are experiencing today. More than half of the population in developed countries know that global is a natural phenomenon, hence there is no reason to worry. The thermal maximum was in fact experienced between the Palaeocene and the Eocene which was around 55 million years ago, where the average temperature of the ocean was 3x as high as ours (14 degrees celsius). 

Secondly what scientists assume is that the rise in temperatures is caused by the higher concentration of greenhouse gasses which are released into the atmosphere by the human population, mostly by the burning of fossil fuels. However simply because gasses such as carbon dioxide absorb heat and there is a higher concentration of them in the atmosphere, scientists are wrong to assume this is the direct link to global warming. It is wrong to assume that the use of cars or agricultural breeding of cows is what will destroy our planet. They are wrong to assume so because CO2 is in fact great for plant life and has (similarly to temperature) carried greatly throughout the history of our planet. Just like temperature it has carried however not accordingly. Throughout history there is no clear link between gasses like CO2 and the overall temperature of our planet. Besides that, there has always been a layer of greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere as it is a vital component that allows life of earth. Besides  this, there was a large increase in CO2 emissions in the atmosphere after the second word war, however there was a fall in temperatures recorded for a long 4 decades after that. The evidence contradicts itself hence why it is a myth that human activity is melting glaciers and killing the ecosystem.

Lastly I will focus on what scientists intentionally miss most of the time. Which is the suns activity, after all the primary source of heat in our galaxy is the sun. They all spend too much time focussing on human activities whereas in reality they all should be looking at the one thing which is the source of almost all heat, the one thing without which we would not be able to survive at all. Which is the sun. Again throughout the past, increased activity on the surface of the sun has shown an increase in the earths temperatures. Solar activities are believed to vary, on average, in 11 year cycles. A more specific factor in which a clear correlation between global temperature can be seen is the change is solar radiation. Changes in solar wavelength is believed to have a higher kinetic energy. However again the scientists have not been focussing on solar radiation changes and therefore do not know much of what this could mean for our planet. For all we know, solar changes could be the end for planet earth. Not only does the radiation impact the earth's temperatures but so do solar flares. There is a peak in these solar flares, called the solar maximum, which is achieved every 11 years or so. This can be a large contributor to global warming since these solar flares are very high in kinetic energy as well as in magnetic activity. 

In conclusion I believe it is not up to us, the citizens, to be worried as to what contributes to global warming. The real reason lies in the research being carried out by our scientists. In order for us to understand what further steps to take we have to firstly know what is causing this rise in temperature. As of right now, we can assume that this is all natural and will not further affect the human population. We can stop worrying and take further actions once they, the scientists, give us a direct link as to what is causing global warming and whether this is even a threat. Let alone if the precautions we should be taking will even help reduce the temperatures and whether even that is good. 

Global warming plan

*logical fallacies and propaganda tools*

1. “Climate change is a natural not a man-made process”

Why is Climate change natural rather than a man-made process?

INTRODUCTION
Slippery Slope, Hasty Generalisation, Post hoc ergo propter hoc,Genetic Fallacy(idea of someone else),Circular Argument(restating), Straw Man. 

PARAGRAPH 1- There has been a rise in temperatures before, it is just how the earth adapts. This has been taking place even before human existence. (" For the past million years the natural climate has oscillated between warm periods and ice ages.")

PARAGRAPH 2- There is no proof that the CO2 levels which we have been releasing into the atmosphere prove that this(human activity) has lead to the warming of our planet right now. ---------------use bandwagon (e.g. it is common sense that...)

PARAGRAPH 3 - Solar activity (sunspots and cycles) have lead to the warming of our planet rather than human activity.----------use exaggeration



some stupid points:
What you can say is, yes, carbon dioxide (in the atmosphere) is at levels higher than ever before, and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, so it’s reasonable to say that there’s warming associated with the increase of carbon dioxide.  But you can’t make the leap yet that all the cars in the world have led to what we’re observing in the thinning of the Greenland ice sheet.
And so you have all these processed mixed together that have been going on for thousands of years, and you’re in the difficult position of trying to separate something very recent from the natural cycle without fully understanding what that natural cycle is.” 

The earth could also be warming as a response to last glacial period around 10,000 years ago.

-Carbon dioxide is good for plant life and is a natural constituent of the atmosphere.

-During Earth’s long history there has been more and less carbon dioxide in the atmos- phere than we see today.

-Regionally, climate has been shown to change rapidly in the past and will continue to do so in the future.

-Life on earth has been shown to thrive when planetary temperatures are warmer as opposed to colder.

-We simply don’t understand the climate system well enough nor have the data to demonstrate that human- ity is having a substantial impact on climate change.

-There's no empirical evidence "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming. "
-There is “no real scientific proof” that the current warming is caused by the rise of greenhouse gases from man’s activity.

-After World War II, there was a huge surge in recorded CO2 emissions but global temperatures fell for four decades after 1940.

- It is myth that receding glaciers are proof of global warming as glaciers have been receding and growing cyclically for many centuries

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